The United States of America

← Anglický jazyk

• Capital: Washington, D.C.
• Largest city: New York City
• Population: 325.000.000
• Area: 9.800.000 km²
• National language: English
• Currency: United States dollar

History

• 15.000 years ago or earlier – first people came to North America using Bering land bridge, which formed during the ice age (large volume of water was contained in the icebergs, and thus sea level was lower)
• Approx. 1000 – Vikings led by Leif Eriksson discovered North America (most likely Newfoundland)
• 1492 – Christopher Columbus discovered North American islands (e.g. Hispaniola, Cuba, San Salvador...)
• 16th-18th century – foundation of Spanish (Florida, New Mexico), French (Mississippi basin), Dutch (part of the East Coast), Swedish (lower reaches of the Delaware River) and English (Virginia) colonies. Inhabitants of English colonies were mainly Christian dissenters seeking religious freedom.
• 1732 – colonization of Georgia, the last colony of Thirteen Colonies.
• 1754-1763 – French and Indian War (part of Seven Years' War) – ended by Treaty of Paris – Britain gained control of Canada (former French territory). Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba. The Seven Years' War significantly increased Great Britain's national debt. The government tried to compensate the financial loss by imposing new taxes on American colonies. Colonists disagreed with the new taxes since they did not have any representatives in the Parliament. The tax collection was then enforced by British soldiers resulting in several incidents, e.g. Boston Massacre a Boston Tea Party.
• 1775-1783 – American Revolutionary War – Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance against the British. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army and voted for independence on July 2, 1776. On the 4. July the Congress issued the United States Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. The deceleration was signed by representatives of all Thirteen Colonies. In 1778 Americans formed an alliance with France. The British were defeated at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). The war ended on September 33, 1783 by Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States.
• 1788 – United States Constitution was ratified by all thirteen States
• 1789 – George Washington became the first president elected under the new constitution
• 1791 – United States Bill of Rights was adopted, forbidding restriction of personal freedoms
• 1812 – War of 1812 – war between the United States and Britain. The United States tried to conquer Canada, however, its attempt was unsuccessful. The war ended with 'status quo'.
• 1861-1865 – American Civil War – war between Northern and Southern states caused by different opinions regarding slavery. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the thirteen slave states declared secession and formed Confederate States of America (the "South"), while the federal government (the "Union") considered the secession to be illegal. The war ended by victory of the Union.
• 1917-1918 – US participated in the First World War on the side of Allies of World War I
• 1941-1945 – US participated in the Second World War on the side of Allied Powers

Geography

The United States are located in North America. The country lies between the Pacific (in the West) and Atlantic Ocean (in the East). It shares international borders with Canada (to the north of the contiguous United States and to the east of Alaska) and Mexico (to the south). Alaska is separated from Asia by the Bering Strait. Measured by land area, the United states is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada. Additionally, it is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (including water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The rank depends on the measuring technique and inclusion of territories disputed by China and India.

The East coast of The United States consists of plains which gradually change into forests and the Piedmont plateau. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern coast from the Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario) and the grasslands in the Midwest. Famous Niagara Falls are located on the Niagara river, which drains Lake Erie into Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is connected to Atlantic ocean by Saint Lawrence River. The Mississippi–Missouri River is located in the center of the country and forms the world's fourth longest river system. West of the Mississippi river lie the Great Plains, an important agricultural region. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to the south across the mountains. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and several deserts. The Sierra Nevada (which includes the highest mountain in the contiguous US – Mount Whitney) and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. Yellowstone National Park, one of the most famous national parks in the US, is located in states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The highest mountain of the United states is Mount Denali (6168 meters above sea level, formerly known as Mount McKinley), which is located in Alaska.The lowest point of US is Death Valley (86 meters below sea level).

The United States includes most of the climate types. The North of the contiguous united states is located in the zone of temperate climate. However, the average temperatures are lower than temperatures on corresponding latitudes in Europe due to cold Labrador Current in the North Atlantic Ocean. The center of the country experiences drier, continental climate. The South of the country lies in subtropics. Alaska experiences subarctic climate, while Hawaii is located in tropics.

Industry, agriculture, mineral resources

The United states is rich in mineral resources and its industry produces almost one third of the world's industrial production. In 2014 the economy of the US constituted 22,4 % of the world's GDP. US is one of the largest producers of crude oil and natural gas. Due to steady increase in the petroleum extraction, the United states are expected to soon become the world leader in crude oil production instead of Russia. America has the world's largest reserves of coal, the main deposits are located in the Appalachian Mountains. Other natural resources include iron ore (mines in Michigan, Minnesota and Utah), copper (deposits mainly in Arizona and Utah, fourth largest copper producer after Chile, China and Peru), uranium, sulfur, vanadium and gold (fourth-largest gold-producing nation behind China, Australia and Russia).

The main industrial areas are the Eastern area (located inside of the triangle of Boston, Washington, D.C. and Chicago) and Western area (located in the area of Rocky mountains and on the South-East coast of Pacific ocean). The main industries are petroleum industry (Gulf of Mexico), metallurgy (area of Great lakes, cities on the North coast of Atlantic), engineering (motor vehicles – Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ford, General Motors, Tesla; airplanes – world leader – Boeing, Cessna, Lockheed Martin), telecommunications, electronics (Silicon Valley – HP, Intel, Nvidia, SanDisk, Cisco, Tesla, Apple), forest-based industries and mining industry.

USA is the world leader in production and export of agricultural products. Although agricultural activity occurs in all states, it is particularly concentrated in the Great Plains, a vast expense of flat, arable land in the center of the United States. The main agricultural products are corn, cattle, chicken, pig and turkey meat, milk, soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, potatoes and sugar beets.

Approximately 80,2 % of inhabitants are employed in services, 18,9 % in industry and 0,9 % in agriculture.

Political system, capital, states, symbols, currency, population

The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a representative democracy with a full presidential system. The federal government is composed of three branches:

• Legislative – Congress made up of the Senate (100 members) and the House of Representatives (435 voting members) – issues federal laws, declares war, approves treaties and controls finances
• Executive – the President of the United States (currently Donald Trump) – commander of the military, has right to veto legislative bills before they become law (can be overridden by Congress), appoints members of the Cabinet and other offices
• Judicial – the Supreme Court and lower courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and invalidate those they find unconstitutional

The capital city of the United States is the Washington, D.C. with estimated population of approximately 681.000. It was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. It is the seat of the United States Federal Government and numerous international institutions, e.g. the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

The United States are composed of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C.), five major self-governing territories (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands) and other territories (United States Minor Outlying Islands).

The symbols of the United states are the Flag of the United States, the Great Seal of the United States, the national bird – bald eagle, the national mammal – North American bison, the national anthem – The Star-Spangled Banner, the official national motto – "In God We Trust", the national floral emblem – rose, the national march – The Stars and Stripes Forever and the national tree – Oak tree.

The official currency of the United States is the United States dollar which has value of approximately 21 Czech crowns.

The United States are the third-most populous country (after China and India) with the population of approximately 325 millions. 77,1% of the inhabitants are white Americans, 13,3% African Americans and 5,6% Asian Americans. The 69% of the population are Christians, 24% are without a religious affiliation.